Note

The EU MFA module is under active development.

This documentation is a work-in-progress and will be updated continuously.

Cement

Indices

The following table presents the dimensions indexing the parameters and variables (stock and flows) of the MFA model for cement.

Dimension	Index	Description
time	t	Temporal resolution, e.g. yearly values from 1950 to 2050
element	e	Individual elements
region	r	Geographical resolution, e.g. EU member states
region aggregated	j	Geographical resolution, e.g. EU28
use sector	s	Broad application sectors
concrete products simplified	f	Concrete products, e.g. transport concrete, precast concrete
cement products	x	Cement products, i.e. cement
clinker products	y	Clinker products, i.e. clinker
concrete waste	h	Concrete waste types considered, i.e. CDW

Parameters

The following table presents the data structure and signification of all input parameters expected by the MFA model for cement.

Parameter	Index	Description
Consumption change	t, s	Indicates changes in the consumption per use sector
Translation	t, s	Indicates changes in the relationship between monetary and physical units
Lifetimes	s	Indicates lifetime of products per use sector (mean and standard deviation)
Trade clinker	t, j, y	Determines net export of clinker
Clinker-to-cement ratio	t, x, y	Determines the use of clinker in cement (<1)
Cement production	t, j, x	Historical cement production
Trade cement	t, j,x	Determines net export of cement
Cement-to-concrete	f, x	Determines use of cement in concrete (<1)
Trade concrete	f, j, t	Determines net exports of concrete
End use matrix concrete	f, s, t	Determines historic shares of the end use sectors
Disspative losses concrete	s, t	Indicates non-collectable waste
Trade unsorted concrete waste	h, j, t	Determines net exports of unsorted concrete waste
Separation efficiency concrete	h, t	Indicates separation efficiency
Trade sorted concrete waste	h, j, t	Determines net exports of sorted concrete waste

Variables

The following table presents the data structure and signification of the variables generated by the MFA model for cement.

Variable	Index	Description
Concrete inflow	t, j, f	Total yearly inflow
Concrete outflow	t, j, f	Total yearly outflow
Concrete stock change	t, j, f	Yearly stock change
Concrete stock	t, j, f	Yearly stock
Clinker production	t, j, y	Yearly production
Clinker demand	t, j, y	Yearly domestic demand
Cement production	t, j, x	Yearly production
Cement demand	t, j, x	Yearly domestic demand
Concrete production	t, j, f	Yearly production
Collected concrete waste	t, j, f, s	Yearly waste collection
Collected concrete waste available for sorting	t, j, h	Yearly waste stream for sorting
Sorted concrete waste	t, j, h	Yearly waste sorted
Sorted concrete waste available domestically	t, j, h	Yearly domestic sorted waste stream

Processes

The following table lists the processes in the MFA model for cement. We then provide a short description in plain English, an explanation of the exogenous parameters and model variables, and an algebraic formulation of the equations governing the process.

Short name	Process
EUSAllH	End use stock historic: All
EUSAllF	End use stock future: All
ProdClH	Production of clinker historic
MarClH	Market for clinker historic
ProdCeH	Production of cement historic
MarCeH	Market for cement historic
ProdCoH	Production of end use products from concrete historic
MarCoH	Market for end use products from concrete historic
WCCoH	Waste collection of concrete historic
UWMCoH	Unsorted waste market for concrete waste historic
WSCoH	Waste sorting of concrete waste historic
SWMCoH	Sorted waste market for concrete waste historic
ProdClF	Production of clinker future
MarClF	Market for clinker future
ProdCeF	Production of cement future
MarCeF	Market for cement future
ProdCoF	Production of end use products from concrete future
MarCoF	Market for end use products from concrete future
WCCoF	Waste collection of concrete future
UWMCoF	Unsorted waste market for concrete waste future
WSCoF	Waste sorting of concrete waste future
SWMCoF	Sorted waste market for concrete waste future

Process (EUSAll) “End use stock historic: All”

Short description

This process determines steel (S), plastics (P) and concrete (Co) stock and waste generation by applying lifetimes.

Exogenous parameters

The parameter lifetimes indicate the lifetimes of each use sector.

Model variables

The material outflow is determined from the material inflows and the lifetimes. The material stock is determined from the in- and outflows. The material inflows are a result of the previous process.

Algebraic formulation

S_Outflow = S_Inflow*LifetimeDist S_Stock_Change = S_Inflow – S_Outflow S_Stock = S_Stock(t-1) + S_Stock_Change P_Outflow = P_Inflow*LifetimeDist P_Stock_Change = P_Inflow – P_Outflow P_Stock = P_Stock(t-1) + P_Stock_Change Co_Outflow = Co_Inflow*LifetimeDist Co_Stock_Change = Co_Inflow – Co_Outflow Co_Stock = Co_Stock(t-1) + Co_Stock_Change

Process (EUSAll) “End use stock future: All”

Short description

Within this process, future changes in consumption are translated into changes in steel (S), plastics (P) and concrete (Co) inflows using translation factors. Based on the evolution of consumption levels, the demand for new steel, plastics and concrete is determined. By applying lifetimes, the material stock and waste generation is determined.

Exogenous parameters

The parameter consumption change indicates changes in the consumption per use sector compared to the base year. The parameter translation factor reflects changes in the consumption levels per use sector. The lifetimes indicate the lifetimes of each use sector.

Model variables

The variable material inflow is determined from the changes in the consumption and the translation factor. The material outflow is determined from the inflows and the lifetimes. The material stock is determined from the in- and outflows.

Algebraic formulation

S_Inflow = S_Inflow(base year)*ConsumptionChange*Translation S_Outflow = S_Inflow*LifetimeDist S_Stock_Change = S_Inflow – S_Outflow S_Stock = S_Stock(t-1) + S_Stock_Change P_Inflow = P_Inflow(base year)*ConsumptionChange*Translation P_Outflow = P_Inflow*LifetimeDist P_Stock_Change = P_Inflow – P_Outflow P_Stock = P_Stock(t-1) + P_Stock_Change Co_Inflow = Co_Inflow(base year)*ConsumptionChange*Translation Co_Outflow = Co_Inflow*LifetimeDist Co_Stock_Change = Co_Inflow – Co_Outflow Co_Stock = Co_Stock(t-1) + Co_Stock_Change

Process (ProdClH) “Production of clinker historic”

Short description

This process indicates the historic production of clinker (Cl) driven by the subsequent processes, i.e. trade, production and demand.

Exogenous parameters

None.

Model variables

The model variable clinker production corresponds to the outflow of this process.

Algebraic formulation

None.

Process (MarClH) “Market for clinker historic”

Short description

This process determines the historic clinker (Cl) production from the domestic clinker demand and trade.

Exogenous parameters

The parameter trade indicates the net exports of clinker.

Model variables

The model variable clinker production is determined from clinker demand and the trade. The clinker demand is a result of the previous process.

Algebraic formulation

Cl_Production = Cl_Demand + Cl_Trade

Process (ProdCeH) “Production of cement historic”

Short description

This process determines the historic clinker (Cl) demand from the cement (Ce) production and the clinker-to-cement ratio.

Exogenous parameters

The parameter cement production determines the cement production. The parameter clinker-to-cement ratio determines the use of clinker in cement.

Model variables

The model variable clinker demand is determined from the cement production and the clinker-to-cement ratio.

Algebraic formulation

Cl_Demand = Ce_Production*Clinker-to-cement

Process (MarCeH) “Market for cement historic”

Short description

This process determines the historic domestic cement (Ce) demand from the cement production and trade.

Exogenous parameters

The parameter cement production determines the cement production. The parameter trade indicates the net exports of cement.

Model variables

The domestic cement demand is determined from the cement production and trade.

Algebraic formulation

Ce_Demand = Ce_Production – Ce_Trade

Process (ProdCoH) “Production of concrete historic”

Short description

This process determines them historic concrete (Co) production from the domestic cement (Ce) demand and the use of concrete in cement.

Exogenous parameters

The parameter cement-to-concrete determines the use of cement in concrete.

Model variables

The model variable concrete production is determined from the cement demand and the use of concrete in cement. The cement demand is a result of the previous process.

Algebraic formulation

Co_Production = Ce_Demand / Cement-to-concrete

Process (MarCoH) “Market for concrete historic”

Short description

This process determines historic domestic demand for concrete (Co) from the production of concrete and trade.

Exogenous parameters

The parameter trade indicates the net exports of concrete.

Model variables

The model variable concrete demand ist determined from the concrete production and trade. The concrete production is a result of the previous process.

Algebraic formulation

Co_Demand = Co_Production – Co_Trade

Process (WCCoH) “Waste collection of concrete historic”

Short description

This process determines historic collected concrete (Co) waste, which are determined by the outflows from the concrete stock and dissipative losses.

Exogenous parameters

The parameter dissipative losses determines, how much of concrete is not available for collection at the end of life.

Model variables

The model variable collected concrete waste is determined from the concrete outflow and dissipative losses. The concrete outflow is determined by the end use sectors described above.

Algebraic formulation

Co_Waste_Collected = Co_Outflow*DissLosses

Process (UWMCoH) “Unsorted waste market for concrete waste historic”

Short description

This process determines how much historic collected concrete (Co) waste is available for sorting. It considerd the collected concrete waste and trade.

Exogenous parameters

The parameter trade indicates the net exports of unsorted concrete waste.

Model variables

The model variable collected concrete waste for sorting is determined from the collected concrete waste and trade. The collected concrete waste is a result of the previous process.

Algebraic formulation

Co_Waste_Collected_Sorting = Co_Waste_Collected – Trade_Co_Waste_Collected

Process (WSCoH) “Waste sorting of concrete waste historic”

Short description

This process determines historic sorted concrete (Co) waste from the concrete waste available for sorting and the separation efficiency.

Exogenous parameters

The parameter separation efficiency determines losses during the sorting process.

Model variables

The model variable sorted concrete waste is determined from the collected concrete waste available for sorting and the separation efficiency. The collected concrete waste available for sorting is a result of the previous process.

Algebraic formulation

Co_Waste_Sorted = Co_Waste_Collected_Sorting*SeparationEff

Process (SWMCoF) “Sorted waste market for concrete waste historic”

Short description

This process determines historic sorted concrete waste available domestically from the the sorted concrete waste and trade.

Exogenous parameters

The parameter trade indicates the net exports of sorted concrete waste.

Model variables

The model variable sorted concrete waste available domestically is determined from the sorted concrete waste and trade. The sorted concrete waste is a result of the previous process.

Algebraic formulation

Co_Waste_Sorted_Domestic = Co_Waste_Sorted – Trade_Co_Waste_Sorted

Process (ProdClF) “Production of clinker future”

Short description

This process indicates the future production of clinker (Cl) driven by the subsequent processes, i.e. trade, production and demand.

Exogenous parameters

None.

Model variables

The model variable clinker production corresponds to the outflow of this process.

Algebraic formulation

None.

Process (MarClF) “Market for clinker future”

Short description

This process determines the future clinker (Cl) production from the domestic clinker demand and trade.

Exogenous parameters

The parameter trade indicates the net exports of clinker.

Model variables

The model variable clinker production is determined from clinker demand and the trade. The clinker demand is a result of the previous process.

Algebraic formulation

Cl_Production = Cl_Demand + Cl_Trade

Process (ProdCeF) “Production of cement future”

Short description

This process determines the future clinker (Cl) demand from the cement (Ce) production and the clinker-to-cement ratio.

Exogenous parameters

The parameter clinker-to-cement ratio determines the use of clinker in cement.

Model variables

The model variable clinker demand is determined from the cement production and the clinker-to-cement ratio. The cement production is a result of the previous process.

Algebraic formulation

Cl_Demand = Ce_Production*Clinker-to-cement

Process (MarCeF) “Market for cement future”

Short description

This process determines the future cement (Ce) production from the domestic cement demand and trade.

Exogenous parameters

The parameter trade indicates the net exports of cement.

Model variables

The model variable cement production is determined from the domestic cement demand and trade. The domestic cement demand is a result of the previous process.

Algebraic formulation

Ce_Production = Ce_Demand + Ce_Trade

Process (ProdCoF) “Production of concrete future”

Short description

This process determines the future domestic cement (Ce) demand from the concrete (Co) production and the use of concrete in cement.

Exogenous parameters

The parameter cement-to-concrete determines the use of cement in concrete.

Model variables

The model variable cement demand is determined from the concrete production and the use of concrete in cement. The concrete production is a result of the previous process.

Algebraic formulation

Ce_Demand = Co_Production*Cement-to-concrete

Process (MarCoF) “Market for concrete future”

Short description

This process determines the future production of concrete (Co) from the domestic demand for concrete and trade.

Exogenous parameters

The parameter trade indicates the net exports of concrete.

Model variables

The model variable concrete production is determined from the concrete demand and trade. The concrete demand is determined by the end use sectors described above.

Algebraic formulation

Co_Production = Co_Demand + Co_Trade

Process (WCCoF) “Waste collection of concrete future”

Short description

This process determines future collected concrete (Co) waste, which are determined by the outflows from the concrete stock and dissipative losses.

Exogenous parameters

The parameter dissipative losses determines, how much of concrete is not available for collection at the end of life.

Model variables

The model variable collected concrete waste is determined from the concrete outflow and dissipative losses. The concrete outflow is determined by the end use sectors described above.

Algebraic formulation

Co_Waste_Collected = Co_Outflow*DissLosses

Process (UWMCoF) “Unsorted waste market for concrete waste future”

Short description

This process determines how much future collected concrete (Co) waste is available for sorting. It considerd the collected concrete waste and trade.

Exogenous parameters

The parameter trade indicates the net exports of unsorted concrete waste.

Model variables

The model variable collected concrete waste for sorting is determined from the collected concrete waste and trade. The collected concrete waste is a result of the previous process.

Algebraic formulation

Co_Waste_Collected_Sorting = Co_Waste_Collected – Trade_Co_Waste_Collected

Process (WSCoF) “Waste sorting of concrete waste future”

Short description

This process determines future sorted concrete (Co) waste from the concrete waste available for sorting and the separation efficiency.

Exogenous parameters

The parameter separation efficiency determines losses during the sorting process.

Model variables

The model variable sorted concrete waste is determined from the collected concrete waste available for sorting and the separation efficiency. The collected concrete waste available for sorting is a result of the previous process.

Algebraic formulation

Co_Waste_Sorted = Co_Waste_Collected_Sorting*SeparationEff

Process (SWMCoF) “Sorted waste market for concrete waste future”

Short description

This process determines future sorted concrete waste available domestically from the the sorted concrete waste and trade.

Exogenous parameters

The parameter trade indicates the net exports of sorted concrete waste.

Model variables

The model variable sorted concrete waste available domestically is determined from the sorted concrete waste and trade. The sorted concrete waste is a result of the previous process.

Algebraic formulation

Co_Waste_Sorted_Domestic = Co_Waste_Sorted – Trade_Co_Waste_Sorted